Humanitarian Action and the Experience of Armenian Women Refugees in the Post-Genocidal Context (1919–1924): Resilience and Agency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: In this article, we examine through archival research the actions and roles of humanitarian workers of the Near East Relief (NER) and the American Women's Hospitals (AWH) working in the Middle East and Greece to help refugees from the Armenian genocide of 1915 and the post-genocide massacres (1919–1922), including the Smyrna disaster of 1922. This event in particular led to the forced displacement of hundreds of thousands of Greek and Armenian refugees in Greece. In this context, we emphasize the central role of women doctors and nurses in their humanitarian efforts to save this population. We pay close attention to their successful practices, achievements and support as allies of the survivors. We also examine the survivors' strategies as agents of their own resistance and resilience. In other words, we aim to understand how these survivors, with the support of organizations working in humanitarian emergencies, developed strategies to overcome their status as victims of both gender-based violence and genocide. Ultimately, we focus on the survivors' quest for agency and resilience, through an examination of how vocational education and training and also other support policies and strategies served as a gateway to refugee empowerment. Résumé: Dans cet article, nous examinons, à partir des archives, les actions et les rôles des travailleurs humanitaires du Near East Relief (NER) et de l'American Women's Hospitals qui ont oeuvré au Moyen-Orient et en Grèce pour aider les réfugiés du génocide arménien de 1915 et des massacres post-génocide (1919–1922), y compris la catastrophe de Smyrne en 1922. Cet événement plus particulièrement a conduit au déplacement forcé de centaines de milliers de réfugiés grecs et arméniens en Grèce. Dans ce contexte, nous soulignons le rôle central des femmes médecins et infirmières dans leurs efforts humanitaires pour sauver cette population en détresse. Nous accordons une attention particulière à leurs « modèles de réussite », à leurs réalisations et à leur soutien en tant qu'alliés des survivants. Nous examinons également les stratégies des survivantes en tant qu'agentes de leur propre résistance et résilience. En d'autres termes, nous cherchons à comprendre comment ces survivantes, avec le soutien des organisations travaillant dans des situations d'urgence humanitaire, ont développé des stratégies pour surmonter leur statut de victimes à la fois de violences genrées et de génocide. En fin de compte, nous nous concentrons sur la quête d'autonomie et de résilience des survivantes, en examinant comment l'éducation et la formation professionnelle, mais aussi d'autres politiques et stratégies de soutien, ont servi de passerelle vers l'autonomisation des réfugiés.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".