Thermo- and CO<sub>2</sub>-Responsive Copolymers for Forward Osmosis Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight statistical copolymers of dimethylallylamine (DMAAm) and vinylmethylamine (VMAm) were synthesized to obtain draw solutes for forward osmosis, which respond to both heat and CO 2 . Dual responsive draw solutions benefit from the synergy of two triggers: CO 2 controls the osmotic pressure, while temperature changes control solubility to facilitate draw agent recovery. In this study, molar ratios of both monomers in the copolymer were varied to investigate the influence of the hydrophilic unit VMAm on the properties of the copolymer. The molecular weights, cloud points, osmotic pressures, and viscosities of the tailor-made draw solutes were determined. The incorporation of VMAm shifts the cloud points to higher temperatures and increases the osmotic pressure of aqueous copolymer solutions up to 199 bar. Forward osmosis experiments confirmed the applicability of the synthesized copolymer as draw solute achieving a water flux of 6.7 Lm 2– h –1, which is a 2-fold increase in flux compared to solely thermoresponsive polypropylene glycol-based polymers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".