Unimolecular Cucurbit[7]uril‐Based Indicator Displacement Assay with Dual Signal‐Readout for the Detection of Drugs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Point‐of‐care diagnostics relies on optical and electrochemical sensors to develop devices that are both compact and cost‐effective. Therefore, the search for new design principles for chemosensors that enable multiple signal outputs is a particularly interesting concept. In this work, we present an unimolecular chemosensor based on cucurbit[7]uril that combines two signal readouts ‐ namely fluorescent and electrochemical signals ‐ in a single chemosensor design. This is achieved by utilizing the tunable fluorescence and the electrochemical properties of the reporter molecule, which depend on whether or not it is engulfed by the cucurbit[7]uril cavity in the absence or presence of the analyte. By setting up an assay using the dual readout chemosensor, illicit drug formulations containing pancuronium bromide or nicotine can be detected at low micromolar concentrations (0–100 μM). This assay is compatible with standard fluorescence plate readers and electrochemical devices, including commercially available screen‐printed electrodes. Overall, the chemosensor presented in this study represents a significant advance in the development of cucurbit[7]uril chemosensors, characterized by multimodal detection capabilities. It uniquely combines traditional optical and electrochemical detection methods in a single molecular design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".