MARTIN FROBISHER AND THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ENGLISH COMPANY OF CATHAY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1570S.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Статья посвящена судьбе Катайской компании – акционерного предприятия, созданного в Англии во второй половине 1570-х гг. с целью поисков морского Северо-Западного прохода в Китай (англичане называли эту страну «Катаем») и колонизации Баффиновой Земли в Северной Америке. Во главе компании стояли мореплаватель Мартин Фробишер и купец Майкл Лок, бросившие вызов Московской торговой компании в борьбе за монополию на исследование арктических морей. Основной источниковой базой для исследования послужили документы (хартии, отчеты, письма, петиции, трактаты), имеющие непосредственное отношение к Катайской компании и её создателям. Хотя компания была образована как исследовательский проект для поисков значимого северного морского пути в азиатские страны, географические открытия, сделанные М. Фробишером в полярных водах Америки в ходе трех экспедиций 1576 – 1578 гг., побудили акционеров решиться на колонизацию найденных северных земель. Главной причиной основания колонии «Мета Инкогнита» - первой английской колонии в Северной Америке - стала перспектива обнаружения золота на острове Баффинова Земля. Опираясь на материалы британского Национального архива, Британской библиотеки и опубликованные источники, автор анализирует причины неудач компании, в том числе провала создания колонии «Мета Инкогнита». Комплексный анализ архивных и опубликованных материалов дает возможность выявить роль английской Катайской компании в изучении и формировании географических знаний о Северной Америке в последней четверти XVIв. The article is devoted to the fate of the Company of Cathay, a joint-stock company established in England in the second half of the 1570s to search for the Northwest Passage to China (the English called this country "Cathay") and to colonise Baffin Land in North America. The company was headed by the navigator Martin Frobisher and merchant Michael Lock, who challenged the Muscovy Company for a monopoly on the exploration of the Arctic seas. The documents (charters, reports, letters, petitions, treatises) directly related to the Company of Cathay and its founders served as the main source base for the study. Although the company was formed as a research project to find a significant northern sea route to Asian countries, the geographical discoveries made by Martin Frobisher in the polar waters of the Americas during three expeditions between 1576 and 1578 led shareholders to decide to colonise the northern lands found. The main reason for founding the colony of Meta Incognita, the first English colony in North America, was the prospect of discovering gold on Baffin Land. Based on materials from the National Archives at Kew, the British Library and published sources, the author analyses the reasons for the company’s failures, including the failure to establish the colony of Meta Incognita. A comprehensive analysis of archival and published materials makes it possible to identify the role of the Company of Cathay in the study and formation of geographical knowledge about North America in the last quarter of the 16th century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".