Performance of five drilling waste sumps, Mackenzie Delta, western Arctic Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Petroleum resource exploration and development has occurred in the Northwest Territories since the 1920s.Freezing-point depressants, mainly potassium chloride, were added to drilling fluids in many wells to maintain circulation and the thermal integrity of permafrost penetrated during drilling.Disposal of these fluids was generally in large pits, or sumps, excavated in permafrost, with the intention that frozen ground would contain the fluids indefinitely.Climatic warming in northwest Canada has raised the temperature of near-surface permafrost, increasing the potential for failure of over 220 sumps constructed in the region.Electro-magnetic surveys were conducted with an EM-31 to determine the ground conductivity fields on and off sumps at three locations in the outer Mackenzie Delta.The surveys were complemented by investigations of water conductivity in ponds also on and off the sump caps.Two of the sumps (C-42 and B-19) were low-lying and occasionally flooded, while the third (L-38) was at the coast and regularly inundated.Ground conductivities at these three sumps built in the 1970s were similar to undisturbed terrain.The most recent sump, 3/4/5 L-38 (2002), had high conductivity below its cap.An intermediate state was measured at 2 L-38, built in 1998, where the spatial concentration of ground conductivity has diminished since a survey in 2012.Both observations suggest the contents of the sumps are being lost.Enhanced conductivities in some ponds on sump caps imply the possible emergence of the sump fluids via these water bodies.1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".