Field-Scale EICP Biocemented Columns for Ground Improvement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Field-scale biocemented soil columns were installed in dry, poorly graded sand using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) and tube-à-manchette (TAM) permeation grouting. Column diameters ranged between 0.3 and 1.0 m, and column heights ranged from 1.0 to 2.4 m. Urease enzyme was obtained in the field from jack beans using tap water and a crude extraction process, with and without dehusking the beans. The biocementation treatment solution was injected in three cycles at approximately 24-h intervals. Test results showed that leaving the husks on the jack bean during extraction did not affect either injection or cementation. The plate load test showed an increase in bearing capacity by a factor of 3 and an increase in stiffness by a factor of 3 following treatment. Downhole seismic readings showed an increase in shear wave velocity of at least 100 m/s in the biocemented soil. Measurements on exhumed columns showed that the column dimensions were similar to the target dimensions. Needle penetrometer readings taken during exhumation indicated an unconfined compressive strength of at least 500 kPa. Carbonate content measurements on exhumed specimens varied from more than 4% (by weight) close to the TAM to less than 2% at the design radius, and an increased injection rate provided more uniform carbonate content. This field-scale program demonstrates that EICP can be employed using conventional grouting equipment and a simple enzyme extraction method to create biocemented columns with diameters of 0.3 to 1.0 m and a target strength of at least 500 kPa in 3 days.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".