Direct implementation of a frequency-programmable Josephson voltage standard to provide an SI traceable optical power scale
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We have developed a technique to determine the electrical substitution power of a cryogenic optical radiant power detector, that directly implements a frequency-programmable Josephson voltage standard (FPJVS), thus reducing the traceability chain. The optical power detector and the Josephson voltage reference are combined inside a common cryogenic environment. We demonstrate the practicality of the technique by using a FPJVS to apply a known voltage across the resistive heater of a standard NIST cryogenic planar radiometric detector. The power applied to the detector heater is calculated from a measurement of the heater resistance and the known applied voltage. The FPJVS dc bias current source supplies dc current to the resistive heater. In this demonstration, the standard uncertainty of the substituted electrical power is limited by the uncertainty of the electrical heater four-wire resistance measurement at 4 K. The uncertainty due to the resistance measurement is 1 part in 10 5 out of a total uncertainty of 1 part in 10 4 ( k = 2) on the 1 mW optical power measurement. We aim to develop the technique, to provide traceability to the International System of Units for the picowatt power measurement of single-photon emitters such as quantum dot sources.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it