Microstructure and microanalysis of portland cement pastes with high w/c ratios
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the influence of an increasing water-to-cement (w/c) ratio on the hydration mechanism of portland cement. Portland cement pastes at three w/c ratios of 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 were prepared and cured in hermetically sealed vials at 40 °C for 14 days. Compressive strength, bulk electrical resistivity and bound water measurements were conducted. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on hydrated pastes. Hydrated microstructures of fractured surfaces of dried pastes representing the extreme w/c ratios of 0.5 and 1.2 were investigated using scanning electron microscopy for morphology and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for chemical composition and elemental mapping of hydration products. The results indicate that an increase in the w/c ratio benefits the hydration of portland cement; however, the advantageous magnitude is limited beyond a certain w/c ratio. The microstructural characteristics of pastes and the types of hydration products formed are highly governed by the w/c ratio. The effects of w/c ratio on the morphology and composition of hydration products, particularly calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide, are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".