COVID-19, ANOSMIA AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE. A CASE REPORT OF A 81-YEAR-OLD PATIENT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives. Among people over the age of 65, the prevalence of olfactory disorders can reach nearly 14%. The buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in neurons in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex causes olfactory dysfunction, a decline in memory and learning processes, and, eventually, Alzheimer’s disease. According to current research, people aged 57 to 85 who have hyposmia are twice as likely to develop dementia within five years as people of the same age who do not have hyposmia. Anosmia is one of the most common COVID-19 symptoms. Methodology. An 81-year-old female patient is referred to the psychiatry clinic by her family physician after presenting with a two-year history of panic attacks, anxiety, and anosmia following the SARS-CoV-2 infection. At the first visit, the patient was examined neurologically, psychiatrically, and neurocognitively with the Mini-Mental State Examination-2 and Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire. The patient was recommended for laboratory tests, magnetic resonance imaging scan, and a complex neuropsychological evaluation. Results. The score on the Mini-Mental State Examination-2 (standard version) was 28/30, with fluent language, high cognitive reserve (score of 168), normal muscle tone and strength, and no evidence of cerebellar dysfunction or balance impairment with a normal gait. The extensive neuropsychological evaluation scores were: Mini-Mental State Examination-2 (extended version) 42/90; three words from 25 retained from short story recall; Montreal Cognitive Assessment 20/30; poor verbal fluency (patient was able to produce only six animal names and one word that starts with the letter F in one minute); and impaired visuospatial and executive abilities. Brain imaging results reveal moderate cortical atrophy, cerebral microangiopathy modifications with leukoaraiosis, and cerebral lacunarism. Conclusions. Olfactory impairment is a possible sign of prodromal dementia. Infection with the SARS-Cov-2 virus has worsened cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Keywords: anosmia, Alzheimer’s disease, COVID-19, cognitive decline, cognitive reserve.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".