Biological sex matters: cognitive performances and their predictors differ in female and male patients with heart failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objectives 1) To compare cognitive performances in male and female individuals with HF; 2) to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness, Myers score and functional capacity predict cognition differently according to biological sex. Methods 68 patients, 25 female (68±9 yrs) and 48 male participants (67±8 yrs) with HF, completed a 6-minute walking test (6MWT), a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) (VO2peak and MYERS score, both are prognostic parameters) and the following cognitive assessment: global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)), executive functions (Stroop, Verbal fluency, Trail Making Test B), processing speed (Coding, Trail Making Test Part A). Results Male and female patients were comparable for age, NYHA class and LVEF (all ps>.05). For cognition, after adjusting for age and education, male and female participants differed significantly on RAVLT immediate recall, M=6.48±3.51, F=8.21±3.30, p<.05, and phonological and switching verbal fluency, respectively, M=12.09±4.61, F=14.09±4.28 and M=10.93±2.95, F=12.45±3.23, (p<.05). Simple linear regressions showed that in female participants, RAVLT immediate recall (R= .466, p<.05) and switching verbal fluency (R=.450, p<.05) were predicted by the MYERS score: higher risk score was associated with poorer performances in both tests. Also, performances in phonological and switching fluency in female participants were predicted by the 6MWT, respectively, R=.458, p<.05, and R=.491, p<.05; walking a greater distance was associated with better performances. In male participants, RAVLT immediate recall (R=.462, p<.01) and switching verbal fluency (R=.372, p<.05) were only predicted by the 6MWT; walking a longer distance was associated with better performances. Conclusion Female patients with HF obtained better performances on memory and executive function tests vs men. Performances on these tests were predicted by different clinical fitness markers. In female participants, the MYERS score predicted their performances on memory and executive functions, and the 6MWT predicted executive function performances. In contrast, in male participants, only the 6MWT predicted performances on these tests. Albeit only a first step, these results suggest that cognition is influenced differently in male and female patients with HF. This could eventually open the door to personalized treatment approaches targeting the proper clinical fitness indicator to improve cognition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".