Camel Milk Supplemented with Fenugreek Seeds Improve Lipid Profile, Atherogenic Index and Antioxidative Status in Animal Model of Cardiovascular Disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pharmacognosy Research,2024,16,3,483-489.DOI:10.5530/pres.16.3.58Published:June 2024Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Sami A. Althwab, Thekra A. Alharby, Waleed Al Abdulmonem, Khalid H. Musa, Zafar Rasheed, Abdullah S. M. Aljohani, Mona S. Almujaydil, Bashayr Y. Alghonaim, Nasser A. Alharbi, Ala Al Rajabi, Muhammad Ismail Khan, Nelson Fernández, and Essam M. Hamad Author(s) affiliations:Sami A. Althwab1, Thekra A. Alharby1, Waleed Al Abdulmonem2,*, Khalid H. Musa1, Zafar Rasheed2, Abdullah S. M. Aljohani3, Mona S. Almujaydil1, Bashayr Y. Alghonaim1, Nasser A. Alharbi1, Ala Al Rajabi4,5, Muhammad Ismail Khan6, Nelson Fernández7, Essam M. Hamad1, 8 1Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraidah, SAUDI ARABIA. 2Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, SAUDI ARABIA. 3Department of Medical Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAUDI ARABIA. 4Health Sciences Department, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. 5Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA. 6Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA. 7School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UNITED KINGDOM . 8Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, EGYPT. Abstract:Background: Despite of advancement in the technology and an improvement in handing of patients with atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) but the mortality associated with them remains to be highest in all over the globe. The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) has now been considered to be a best indicator for the analysis of atherosclerosis and CVDs. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of Fermented camel Milk (FM) and Fenugreek seed powder (FG) on the animal model of CVDs. Materials and Methods: The animal models of atherosclerosis and CVDs were made by feeding of rats with high fat and cholesterol diets and the effect of FM supplemented with FG either alone or in a combination (FGFM) were tested on the lipid profile and AIP by Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activity, Total Cholesterol (TC) and small dense Low-Density Lipoprotein (sd-LDL). Results: The data revealed that FM, FG and their combination potentially increased in TAC level (p<0.05) and decreased in lipid peroxidation via reduction in the serum concentrations of MDA. Whereas, experimental rats on FM were fully restored GPx activity. Moreover, FM and FG and their combination lowered TC and sd-LDL concentrations significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: The novel findings of this study clearly indicated that the FG, FM and FGFM have potential in preventing the onset of atherosclerosis and CVDs by reducing the levels of sd-LDL and improving lipids profile, AIP and antioxidant capacity. Keywords:Camel milk, Cardiovascular disorders, Fenugreek, High fat diet, Lipid profileView:PDF (205.51 KB)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".