Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The year 2024 marks the 100th anniversary of the first article on Bose statistics. Bose breathed life into the Planck distribution of radiation by a microscopic derivation (Bose 1924 Z. Phys. 26 178), adding a new insight, namely indistinguishability into the then evolving quantum theory. Einstein recognized the importance of this article and got it published. Using Bose statistics Einstein wrote an article on the theory (Einstein 1924 Sutzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss Phys.-Math Kl. 261) of an ideal Bose gas and Bose–Einstein condensation. The groundbreaking discovery of Bose, an unveiling of a secret of quantum mechanics, continues to reverberate after a century. Bose’s paper is considered the fourth important paper in old quantum theory, following Planck’s (1900) article (Planck 1900 Verh. Disch Phys. Ges. 2 202), Einstein’s (1905) photoelectric effect (Einstein 1905 Ann. Phys., Lpz. 17 132) and Bohr’s model (1913) of the atom (Bohr 1913 London, Edinburgh Dublin Phil. Mag. J. Sci. 26 1). Dirac (1926 Proc. R. Soc. A 112 661) coined the name boson for one of the two families of indistinguishable particles, the other family being fermion. The edifice of modern quantum field theory, many-body quantum theory, quantum-information and quantum-computing are built on bosons, fermions and anyons. The ever-blooming quantum garden of bosons has photons, gluons, W-bosons, mesons, Higgs-bosons, gravitons, phonons, magnons, excitons, plasmons, polaritons and so on. We present a brief historical account of Bose’s life and his discovery, followed by a bird’s eye view of the impacts of bosons in modern science and technology: from Bose’s distribution of 3-degree background radiation reaching us in the form of cosmic microwave background from the big bang era to boson sampling , a novel quantum computing method. Bosogenesis before Baryogenesis?: And God said, Let there be light: and there was light (Genesis, 1:4)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".