Numerical simulation and experimental validation of microstructure evolution during the upsetting process of a large size martensitic stainless steel forging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The microstructure evolution, plastic deformation, and damage severity during the open die hot forging of a martensitic stainless steel were investigated using finite element (FE) simulation. A microstructure evolution model was developed and combined with a visco-elastoplastic model to predict the strain, the strain rate, and the temperature distribution, as well as the volume fraction and the size of dynamically recrystallized grains over the entire volume of an industrial size forging. The propensity to damage during hot forging was also evaluated using the Cockcroft & Latham model. The three models were implemented in the FE code and the results analyzed in terms of microstructure inhomogeneity and stress levels in different regions of the forging. A good agreement was obtained between the predicted and the experimental results, demonstrating that the simulation provided a realistic representation of the forging process at the industrial scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".