Bibliographic record
Abstract
The escape speed from one point-mass M 1 is u 1 = (−2 u 1 ) ½ with u 1 (= − M 1 G / s 1 ) the (Newtonian) gravitational potential energy and s 1 the distance between M 1 and a chosen point. Observing that the escape speed, from two or more masses, increases, the total escape speed (i.e., from all the masses in universe) becomes u = (−2 u ) ½ , with u the total potential (energy), which is related, as shown, to the universe mass <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:math> According to many authors, M u ≈ 10 53 kg, and, on these bases, we found, on Earth, u → c , so we assumed c ≡ u . This equality implies the massiveness of the light, and because of its two related parameters, λ and ν , we inferred that the light has to be composed of longitudinal massive particles, photons (each one having length λ ), moving, along rays (succession of photons along the same direction), toward infinity with speed c (function of u ), while their frequency ν turns out to be their number, of the same ray, flowing in time unit. These particles, due to their speed and mass, have a momentum, and therefore, if photons and a circling electron should have, at their impact, opposite direction, the electron could fall into its nucleus; hence, the electron should have a different structure, where its charge is not uniformly distributed, whereas it can be considered as a point particle, fixed on the electron surface, facing the atom nucleus during the electron orbits, while the electron charge turns out to be the photons‐electron impact point, where photons are absorbed and released. Due to this electron structure, the incident photons always force the impacting circling electron to move, with a radial velocity w (function of the incident photons frequency) toward wider orbits. On these bases, during these impacts, the electron becomes the source of re-emitted photons; hence, because of the Doppler effect involving both the incident photons and the recoiled electron, the frequency of the re-emitted photons decreases, while their length (due to the electron radial velocity w lasting as long as the interaction time T ) increases by the value wT , inducing the invariance of the speed of light, despite any relative motion observer-source ; w e also found this invariance (which regards the interaction light‐matter only) through the conservation of energy of the incident photons. Regarding the claimed time dilation , which occurs between two atomic clocks (ACs) at different potential u (e.g., at different altitude on Earth), it is shown that any variation Δ u implies a variation Δ c , and, contemporarily, since the ACs are sources of photons at a given frequency on Earth, Δ u gives a variation of the ACs frequency Δ ν , hence of their ticking time T = 1/ ν , and therefore a variation of their counted time. Finally, the equality c = u implies a cosmological reason regarding an endless balance between collapse and dispersion of the universe masses.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".