Partially Cooperative RL for Hybrid Action CRNs With Imperfect CSI
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) mitigate spectrum scarcity by leveraging the holes in the licensed spectrum to enable Internet of Things (IoT) devices to opportunistically access the spectrum. However, IoT devices need to sense the spectrum before they can access it, which is an energy-intensive process and hinders the practical implementation of opportunistic spectrum access for energy-constrained IoT devices. In this context, reinforcement learning-based algorithms that encourage cooperation among IoT devices to eliminate the need for constant sensing are promising candidates for practical CRN implementation. As exciting as the application of reinforcement learning to CRNs is, benchmarking the performance of different algorithms is a huge challenge due to a lack of standardized comparison metrics, especially for hybrid action spaces that comprise both discrete and continuous actions. We propose a hybrid discrete-continuous space deep reinforcement learning algorithm that maximizes the energy efficiency of CRNs by optimizing sensing, cooperation, and transmission by IoT devices. We also analyze the algorithm’s performance by setting the theoretical upper bound for throughput and find that it reaches 99.4% of the theoretical upper bound, while its discrete action-space version reaches 96% and other baseline algorithms range between 70% and 86%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".