Artificial intelligence and machine learning in optics: tutorial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Across the spectrum of scientific inquiry and practical applications, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has comprehensively revolutionized problem-solving methodologies. This tutorial explores key aspects of AI/ML and their remarkable role in augmenting the capabilities of optics and photonics technologies. Beginning with fundamental definitions and paradigms, the tutorial progresses to classical machine learning algorithms, with examples employing support vector machines and random forests. Extensive discussion of deep learning encompasses the backpropagation algorithm and artificial neural networks, with examples demonstrating the applications of dense and convolutional neural networks. Data augmentation and transfer learning are examined next as effective strategies for handling scenarios with limited datasets. Finally, the necessity of alleviating the burden of data collection and labeling is discussed, motivating the investigation of unsupervised and semi-supervised learning strategies as well as the utilization of reinforcement learning. By providing a structured exploration of AI/ML techniques, this tutorial equips researchers with the essential tools to begin leveraging AI’s transformative potential within the expansive realm of optics and photonics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".