The Influence of Sex Hormones on Osteoarthritis Pain Perception in Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the higher prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in women, animal studies are primarily performed in young male mice. There is evidence that cartilage degeneration is more severe in male mice which can be explained by the protective effect of estrogen against OA in females. This aligns with the onset of OA often occurring after menopause in women. This proposed study will assess the potential limitations of using male mice by evaluating the differences in OA pain perception between male and female mouse models, and the role of sex hormones. Methods: A total of 96 mice will be used, split into four groups (n = 12) within their sex: sham, sham + ovariectomized (OVX)/orchiectomized (ORX), destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), and DMM + OVX/ORX. Half of the female (n = 24) and male mice (n = 24) will then receive DMM surgery to induce post-traumatic OA. Electronic von Frey (EvF) will be used to measure mechanical allodynia and Pressure Application Measurement (PAM) will assess knee hyperalgesia. Open field testing (OFT) will evaluate locomotor and behavioural activity. Twelve weeks after DMM, all mice will be sacrificed, and knee histological sections will be taken to assess for OA damage using the OARSI and synovial scoring system. Anticipated Results: Higher overall measures of pain, indicated by EvF, knee hyperalgesia, OFT and synovium analysis, are anticipated in intact female mice than in intact male mice. ORX mice will likely experience more allodynia/hyperalgesia than intact male mice and OVX mice will likely experience less allodynia/hyperalesia than intact female mice. Intact DMM female mice will have increased effusion-synovitis at a worse grade than intact DMM male mice. ORX males will experience less severe OA than intact male mice and OVX females will experience more severe OA than intact female mice. Discussion: Anticipated differences between the pain response between male and female mice show that the use of exclusively male mice is a limitation in OA-associated pain research. Conclusion: This novel study considers the role of sex hormones on the pain perception of OA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".