Introduction: Online Marketplaces as Private Governance Systems and ‘Balloon Effects’ in Private Law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The introduction sets the scene for the Special Issue by describing how digital online market places through their contract based business models to a large extent in reality evade state regulation on e.g., consumer protection and labour law rights. They replace this regulation with their own private governance systems that regulate issues that are often of broad societal interest such as product safety, workers’ rights and issues of discrimination. Contrary to what one might expect, it is observed that these private governance systems often fully live up to consumer protection laws and sometimes even go further than state regulation in order to please the customers. It is observed that the downside of this is what could be called ‘balloon effects’ in other areas of the law. Thus, ‘over compliance’ with regard to consumer protection often leads to ‘under compliance’ in other areas of the law. In the introductory article, it is explained how all the contributions address such ‘balloon effects’ in a private law perspective.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".