Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Secular City.New York: The MacMillan Company (cited in Hashemi N. 2010."The multiple histories of secularism: Muslim societies in comparison", Philosophy & Social Criticism 36(3-4):327).Cox describes secularism as "the liberation of man from religious and metaphysical tutelage, the turning of his attention away from other worlds and toward this one" Hashemi, himself, argues that, "sociologically, secularism correlates with modernization in terms of a gradual process that leads to the declining influence of religion in social institutions, communal life, and human relationships".See also Inglehart R. 1997.Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Countries.Princeton: Princeton University Press (cited in Kuru A. 2007."Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion", World Politics 59(4):568-594.Inglehart advances a "modernization or secularization theory" and argues that "the importance of religion diminishes and ultimately disappears as the world people scores progress and development in technology and economy".3 See, e.g., Huntington SP. 1993."The Clash of Civilizations?", Foreign Affairs 72(3):22-49; Huntington SP. 1997.The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.London: Simon and Schuster; Lewis B. 1990."The Roots of Muslim Rage", The Atlantic, September (all cited in Silvestri S and Mayal J. 2015.The Role of Religion in Conflict and Peace-building.London: The British Academy, 15).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".