Dual-Band 3-D Implantable MIMO Antenna for IoT-Enabled Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article proposes an implantable antenna using a 3-D multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration, which operates at 915 and 2450-MHz bands. Both frequency bands are wider enough to cover the important industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands at 915 and 2450 MHz. Using a meandered geometry, introducing capacitive regions between meandered arms and partially slotted ground keeps the antenna dimensions small. Consequently, it consumes an overall volume of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5\times 5\times 4.75{=}118.75$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm3 (<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.0001\lambda _{g} {^{{3}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the guided wavelength at 915 MHz). All elements of the antenna radiate in diversified directions, enabling radiation pattern diversity, resulting in a lower envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) value. Moreover, it provides good gains at both frequency bands (−28.85 dBi at 915 MHz and −20.68 dBi at 2450 MHz). The MIMO channel parameters, and user safety analysis are performed, indicating satisfactory results. Each element of the proposed antenna has a peak SAR value of 306.19 and 252.36 W/Kg at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz, respectively. The radiation efficiency of the MIMO antenna system is noted to be 0.15 and 0.19% at 915 and 2450 MHz, respectively. When the implant has <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B_{r}{=}120$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Mb/s (high-speed connectivity), the proposed antenna can cover an area up to 8 and 5.2 m at 915 and 2450 MHz, respectively. The practical validation of the proposed design is performed considering two software-defined radios (SDRs). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the most compact 3-D implantable MIMO antenna that has been designed to date.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it