Multiple Diagnostics of Hybrid Rocket Ignition and Effect of Hypergolic Additive Granulometry
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ignition delay and surface-temperature evolution of ammonia-borane-doped paraffin wax exposed to white fuming nitric acid are measured in oxidizer-drop tests. The ammonia borane granulometry is varied to investigate the limits of hypergolic ignition and its underlying mechanisms. High-speed visible, Schlieren, and midinfrared optical systems are used simultaneously to observe the phenomena occurring between the first contact and the appearance of a flame. The experiments reveal the usefulness of both Schlieren and midinfrared high-speed imaging as diagnostic tools for hybrid hypergolic experiments, specifically for the detection of preignition events not observable through visible light emission. A strong relationship is found between the granulometry of the ammonia-borane additive and the ignition delay of the fuel pellets. At 25% ammonia borane by weight, pellets made with a granulometry of [Formula: see text] ignited in 15.4 ms, whereas those made with a granulometry of [Formula: see text] ignited in 60.1 ms on average. Granulometry also affects preignition phenomena such as gas-release velocity and surface-temperature evolution. These results reveal that the acid drop acts as a heat sink for the hypergolic ignition of the hybrid rocket fuel and that a minimum additive particle size is needed to avoid quenching.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it