Is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus an Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The mortality rate of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has decreased between 1999 and 2020. The risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in HCM were updated in the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) 2020 guidelines by adding new risk factors, like the late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for most cardiac diseases; however, it is not included in these guidelines due to a lack of strong evidence of a correlation between T2DM and mortality in HCM. Therefore, we sought to investigate if T2DM increases the 5-year risk rate for adverse outcomes, such as heart failure and all-cause mortality in patients with HCM. Methods: We collected patient data from January 1, 2018, to March 1, 2023, using the TriNetX database. The sample included 80,502 individuals with HCM, then divided into two cohorts based on the absence (58,573; cohort 1) or presence (15,296; cohort 2) of T2DM. The two matched groups then underwent survival and risk analyses for all-cause mortality or the first incidence of heart failure diagnosis within 5 years from the point in time when the selection criteria were first met. Results: We found a statistically significant increase in all-cause mortality and new-onset heart failure in HCM patients with diabetes compared to those without diabetes after adjusting for major risk factors. Conclusions: This is one of the largest retrospective cohort studies that examined the correlation between T2DM and adverse outcomes in patients with HCM. This underlines the need for future prospective studies investigating the effects of T2DM on HCM outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".