Stimuli-Responsive Codelivery System-Embedded Polymeric Nanofibers with Synergistic Effects of Growth Factors and Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound to Enhance Osteogenesis Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present work aims to develop optimized scaffolds for bone repair by incorporating mesoporous nanoparticles into them, thereby combining bioactive factors for cell growth and preventing rapid release or loss of effectiveness. We synthesized biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds designed for the controlled codelivery of curcumin (CUR) and recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Active agents in dendritic silica/titania mesoporous nanoparticles (DSTNs) were incorporated at different weight percentages (0, 2, 5, 7, 9, and 10 wt %) into a matrix of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanofibers, forming the CUR-BMP-2@DSTNs/PCL-PEG delivery system (S0, S2, S5, S7, S9, and S10, respectively, with the number showing the weight percentage). To enhance the formation process, the system was treated using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). Different advanced methods were employed to assess the physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of the fabricated scaffolds, all confirming that incorporating the nanoparticles improves their mechanical and structural properties. Their hydrophilicity increased by approximately 25%, leading to ca. 53% enhancement in their water absorption capacity. Furthermore, we observed a sustained release of approximately 97% for CUR and 70% for BMP-2 for the S7 (scaffold with 7 wt % DSTNs) over 28 days, which was further enhanced using ultrasound. In vitro studies demonstrated accelerated scaffold biodegradation, with the highest level observed in S7 scaffolds, approximately three times higher than the control group. Moreover, the cell viability and proliferation on DSTNs-containing scaffolds increased when compared to the control group. Overall, our study presents a promising nanocomposite scaffold design with notable improvements in structural, mechanical, and biological properties compared to the control group, along with controlled and sustained drug release capabilities. This makes the scaffold a compelling candidate for advanced bone tissue engineering and regenerative therapies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".