Water-in-Salt Gel Biopolymer Electrolytes for Flexible and Wearable Zn/Alkali Metal Dual-Ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zn/alkali metal dual-ion batteries (ZM DIBs) with highly concentrated water-in-salt (WiS) electrolytes are promising next-generation energy storage systems. This enhanced design of Zn-ion rechargeable batteries offers intrinsic safety, high operating voltage, satisfactory capacity, and outstanding cyclic stability. Herein, taking the concept of highly concentrated electrolytes one step further, we introduce water-in-salt gel biopolymer electrolytes (WiS-GBEs) by encapsulating Zn/Li or Zn/Na bisalt compositions in a cellulose membrane. WiS-GBEs inherit the electrochemical merits of highly concentrated electrolytes (i.e., wide voltage window, high ionic conductivity, etc.) and excellent durability of gel biopolymer structures. Both types of WiS-GBEs apply to coin- and pouch-cell compartments of ZM DIBs, offering a high plateau voltage (>1.8 V vs. Zn 2+ /Zn), good and reversible capacity (118 and 57 mAh g –1 for Zn/Li and Zn/Na cells, respectively), and outstanding cycling stability (more than 90% after 1,000 cycles). Essentially, the pouch cells with WiS-GBEs present superior durability, flexibility, and capacity endurance under various bending stress conditions (90% capacity retention under 0–180° bending modes), indicating their potential capability to power wearable electronics. The practical powering ability of Li- and Na-based pouch systems is demonstrated by the example of a wearable digital timer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".