Investigating the controls of ice-wedge initiation and growth using XFEM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice-wedges are periglacial landforms that develop as a result of thermal contraction-cracking in continuous permafrost regions, which appear as polygonal networks on the ground surface. Given their complex thermo-mechanical loading history, very few related numerical models have so far been developed. In this study, 2-D eXtended finite element simulations are employed to represent the formation process of ice-wedges and to investigate the effect of select environmental controls on crack initiation and growth. Seventeen combinations of soil type and temperature–time series are used in four case studies addressing model testing, the permafrost stress regime, the freezing volumetric expansion of porewater, and a new remeshing process introduced to simulate ice-wedge growth over multiple years. The model testing shows good agreement with field observations from the Arctic and demonstrates the ability of the modelling procedure to reproduce the salient features of thermal contraction-cracking. The permafrost stress regime is found to be strongly affected by soil type and climate, with coarse-grained soils and cold climates leading to higher tensile stresses than fine-grained soils and warm climates. Higher tensile stress are also predicted for saturated soils due to the freezing volumetric expansion of porewater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".