Development, Implementation, and Validation of 2-Item Nutrition Security Screener
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate associations of the Overall Plant-based Diet Index (PDI), Healthful Plant-based Diet Index (hPDI), and Unhealthful Plant-based Diet Index (uPDI) with blood and urine biomarkers in a large, geographically and ethnically diverse cohort.Methods: Participants were n¼677 adults in the 2015-2016 Cancer Prevention 3 Dietary Assessment Sub-study (CPS-3 DAS).Each completed a 191-item, CPS-3 Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), six 24-hour dietary recalls (24HRs), and provided two fasted blood samples (men, n¼235; women, n¼419) and urine samples (men, n¼183; women, n¼312).PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were calculated using energy-adjusted, food group intakes (svg/d) from the FFQ and mean 24HRs.Biomarkers (urine: total potassium (mg), total protein (g), total sodium (mg); plasma (μg/ L): α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein + zeaxanthin, retinol) were averaged across the two timepoints and log-transformed.Spearman partial correlations were used to correlate PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with biomarkers and were deattenuated to account for between-person variability in biomarker timepoints, controlling for BMI, age, smoking status, and supplement use.For carotenoids and retinol, serum total cholesterol was additionally adjusted.Analyses were also stratified by race.Results: hPDI and uPDI were more frequently correlated with biomarkers compared to PDI.Biomarkers common in plant foods, such as carotenoids and potassium, were positively associated (r s : !0.20) with hPDI and in some cases PDI and were inversely associated (r s : -0.20) with uPDI.We observed inverse associations (r s -0.20) between protein and PDI and uPDI and between sodium and PDI and hPDI.Diet indices correlations with carotenoids tended to be stronger among African Americans (r s : -0.40-0.61)compared to Whites (r s : -0.31-0.38)and Hispanic/Latinos (r s : -0.50-0.31).All other trends were similar across sex and race and between the FFQ and 24HRs. Conclusions:We observed several consistent associations between PDI, hPDI, and/or uPDI and blood and urine biomarkers in CPS-3 DAS.Among plant-based diet indices, hPDI and uPDI may be preferable to PDI for comparison among nutritional biomarkers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.030 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".