Poultry Consumption May Not Be Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Morbidity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Poultry meats, predominantly chicken, are the most consumed type of meat in the United States. However, observational research examining the relation between poultry consumption with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence is inconsistent, and a rigorous review summarizing and analyzing the evidence on the relation is lacking. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize and analyze the association between dietary poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM. Methods: Potentially eligible articles were identified via a systematic search of four electronic health research databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL (EBSCO), and Scopus). Included articles were observational prospective cohort studies with adults aged ≥18 years and assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The screening, data extraction, and quality assessment of articles were done in duplicate by two independent reviewers and crosschecked. A random effects model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association between the highest versus the lowest categories of poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM. Results: Of 1,130 articles identified and screened, 11 met the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment of articles deemed five (45%) as moderate quality and six (55%) as high quality. The results showed a neutral association between poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM, although there was a trend for a positive association between poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10; p = 0.066; I2 = 77%). Of the 11 articles included, four (36%) included only unprocessed poultry and seven (64%) did not report the processing categorization of poultry, 10 (91%) did not report cooking methods, and 11 (100%) did not report whether poultry was consumed with or without skin. Conclusions: The findings suggest a neutral association between poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM in adults. New observational research is needed on the impacts of consuming chicken/poultry, considering food processing, cooking methods, and products consumed, on risk of developing T2DM. Funding Sources: National Chicken Council.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.022 | 0.053 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.017 | 0.038 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".