Poultry Consumption May Not Be Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Morbidity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Poultry meats, predominantly chicken, are the most consumed type of meat in the United States. However, observational research examining the relation between poultry consumption with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence is inconsistent, and a rigorous review summarizing and analyzing the evidence on the relation is lacking. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize and analyze the association between dietary poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM. Methods: Potentially eligible articles were identified via a systematic search of four electronic health research databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL (EBSCO), and Scopus). Included articles were observational prospective cohort studies with adults aged ≥18 years and assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The screening, data extraction, and quality assessment of articles were done in duplicate by two independent reviewers and crosschecked. A random effects model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association between the highest versus the lowest categories of poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM. Results: Of 1,130 articles identified and screened, 11 met the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment of articles deemed five (45%) as moderate quality and six (55%) as high quality. The results showed a neutral association between poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM, although there was a trend for a positive association between poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10; p = 0.066; I2 = 77%). Of the 11 articles included, four (36%) included only unprocessed poultry and seven (64%) did not report the processing categorization of poultry, 10 (91%) did not report cooking methods, and 11 (100%) did not report whether poultry was consumed with or without skin. Conclusions: The findings suggest a neutral association between poultry consumption and risk of developing T2DM in adults. New observational research is needed on the impacts of consuming chicken/poultry, considering food processing, cooking methods, and products consumed, on risk of developing T2DM. Funding Sources: National Chicken Council.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".