Mental health well-being and barriers to help-seeking amidst recovery from pandemic restrictions among South Asians in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The three-year long COVID-19 pandemic triggered an increase in prevalence of mental health issues worldwide with ethnic minorities being the recipient of double-hit, lack of resources prior to the pandemic and more affected by the pandemic safety measures during the pandemic. Yet, little is known about their mental health after recovering from the pandemic in Hong Kong. Aims: The current study aimed to investigate mental well-being status (anxiety, depression, and insomnia) during recovery from the impact of the pandemic and to identify differences and predictors in help-seeking behaviors among South and Southeast Asians. Methodology: A convenience sample of 273 adults (Mage:32.8 years; 87 males, 182 females, 4 undisclosed) were recruited from Jan to Aug 2023. Participants completed an online survey consisting of demographics, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), quality of life and health, and help-seeking barrier questionnaire. Results: Using the cutoff of 10 for GAD-7 and PHQ-9, and 15 for ISI, 13.6% of the respondents were at risk of suffering from anxiety, 22.8% from depression, and 12.1% from insomnia, respectively. About one-third (28.6%) of the participants were at risk of developing a mental health disorder. At-risk group scored significantly higher on mental health help-seeking barriers including concerns over cost and cultural/ language barriers, being too busy, and stigma towards mental health as compared to low-risk individuals. Regression model indicated that full-time employment, lower education level, and being at risk of suffering from mental health disorder(s) significantly predicted more help-seeking barriers. Conclusion: Depression was more common than anxiety and sleep problems among South Asians in Hong Kong, where those at risk presented more help-seeking barriers. Culturally sensitive and language barrier free interventions are needed to alleviate mental health symptoms to improve their mental well-being among South and Southeast Asians in Hong Kong.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".