Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity is Associated with Incident Dementia in Patients with Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: Increased arterial stiffness is associated with the severity of cerebral small-vessel disease (SVD) and may predict incident dementia. This study investigated the predictive value of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) for dementia and cognitive decline. METHODS: Data were obtained from a Japanese cohort of 478 patients who underwent ba-PWV measurement. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate SVD severity. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J) were used to assess the cognitive function. The primary outcome was the incidence of dementia. The secondary outcome was cognitive change during three years of follow-up. RESULTS: The median age was 71 years old, 61% were men, and the median ba-PWV was 1787 cm/s. Dementia was diagnosed in 23 patients during a mean follow-up of 4.8 years. A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that the highest quartile (ba-PWV ≥ 2102 cm/s) was associated with a significantly higher risk of dementia than the first to third quartiles (ba-PWV ≤ 2099 cm/s) after adjusting for risk factors, the mean blood pressure, the MoCA-J score, and SVD severity (adjusted HR, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.24-9.34; P=0.018). Longitudinal cognitive changes in 192 patients indicated that ba-PWV was negatively related to changes in the MoCA-J score (r=-0.184, P=0.011). The decline in the MoCA-J score in the highest quartile was greater than that in the first to third quartiles after adjusting for risk factors, SVD severity, and baseline MoCA-J score (P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: ba-PWV was associated with incident dementia and cognitive decline, independent of age, risk factors, the baseline cognitive function, and the SVD severity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".