Activation of Cementless Binder Based on Volcanic ash and Calcium Carbide Residue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study assessed the performance of a cementless binder comprising volcanic ash (VA) and calcium carbide residue (CCR) with different activation methods.The binder was made of 95% VA and 5% CCR and activated by physical, chemical, thermal, and combinations of the methods.While the physical activation included using CCR of nominal particle size of 45 μm, the chemical activation involved adding 1% NaOH by binder mass to the paste, and thermal activation comprised curing the paste in an oven at 65℃ for 24 hours.The performance evaluation was based on flowability, compressive strength, and bulk electrical resistivity.The flowability increased by chemical activation and subsequent physical and chemical activation but decreased with physical activation alone.Meanwhile, all activation methods improved the compressive strength and bulk resistivity.In particular, binders activated by subsequent physical and thermal techniques achieved the highest compressive strength, exceeding 30 MPa at 28 days.In contrast, subsequent chemical and thermal activation produced superior bulk resistivity of 193 Ω.m at 28 days compared to other activation techniques.The study illustrated the feasibility of using low-carbon materials to form sustainable cementless binders for different applications in construction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".