Detecting ringed seal vocalizations in multiple environments using deep learning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deep learning methods have recently been successfully applied to create a variety of automated acoustic detectors in the field of marine bioacoustics. Automated detectors are essential for analyzing large volumes of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data since manual analysis is prohibitively time-consuming and costly. PAM is the primary method for obtaining data on species which are endemic to remote regions, such as the Canadian Arctic. Arctic ringed seals are listed as a Species of Special Concern in Canada due to a loss of critical habitat caused by the effects of climate change. Here, ResNet, a convolutional neural network architecture, is trained on thousands of examples of ringed seal vocalizations recorded at various locations within the Canadian Arctic to create the first practical automated ringed seal detector. The network achieves a precision of 0.89, recall of 0.80, and F1 score of 0.85 when tested on 215 five-minute recordings from sites included in the training process. To improve the generalizability of the detector for new locations, fine-tuning is performed using a small subset of annotated data from new sites. The detector will be available as an open-source tool for researchers to use as the basis for further development of new automated detectors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".