Extracellular adenosine-5′-triphosphate release kinetics following microbubble cavitation in cultured human endothelial cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasound Targeted Microbubble Cavitation (UTMC) causes vasodilation, which can improve radiotherapy efficacy, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, we characterize extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate (eATP) release kinetics in vitro following UTMC using live microscopy. eATP was measured in real-time with a bioluminescent Luciferin-Luciferase (LL) assay. Human endothelial cells were grown in microfluidic chips. A microbubble solution (Definity: 107 MB/ml) containing propidium iodide (25 μg/ml) and LL was added to the chips before sending a single ultrasound pulse (A303S-SU, 1MHz, 0.5 in., Olympus, pressure: 300 kPa; 10, 100, or 1000 cycles). The bioluminescence signal of eATP reaction with the LL was captured with an EMCCD camera and converted into eATP released quantity, as in the study by Tan et al. (2019). After the acquisition, a viability assay was done using calcein-AM (4 μg/ml). We found a significantly higher total eATP released by dead cells than live sonoporated cells. The eATP release rate was also significantly higher in dead cells than in sonoporated cells at 4s after the pulse. At that time, we could estimate the eATP released by individual cells within a cell cluster before the individual bioluminescent signals merged due to diffusion. This will able us to understand better the eATP release mechanism in vitro and in vivo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".