Intestinal and Respiratory Microbiome Changes in Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is controversy about the changes of intestinal and respiratory microbiota characteristics in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and some studies have reported inconsistent or even contrary results. We performed a meta-analysis to explore the characteristics of the respiratory tract and gut microbiota in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A complete search of the database (last updated on September 1, 2023) was conducted based on the preferred reporting project statement for systematic review and meta-analysis to identify eligible case-control studies that tested the gut and respiratory tract microbiota of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The results of meta-analysis were expressed as effect size and 95 % confidence interval. The bias control was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa scale and funnel plot analysis. Seven studies (Newcastle-Ottawa scale score range from 6-8) were included, three studies (n=76, observation group n=36/control group n=40) collected intestinal microbial samples, and four studies (n=98, observation group n=46/control group n=52) collected respiratory tract microbial samples. The results showed that the richness and diversity of respiratory tract and intestinal microbial communities were decreased in bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the characteristics of respiratory tract and intestinal microbiota in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and found that the abundance and diversity of respiratory tract and intestinal microbiota in bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients were reduced. The intestinal microflora of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Veillonella and Escherichia/ Shigella in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia increased. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus were reduced. Firmicutes increased in the respiratory tract of premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, while Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria decreased. In addition, the characteristics of respiratory microbiome in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia may be affected by region or race.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.017 | 0.037 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".