Association of adiposity, serum vitamin D, and dietary quality with cardiometabolic risk factors in children aged 6–12 years: findings from SEANUTS II Malaysia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increased cardiometabolic risk among children is increasingly becoming a concern, with evidence indicating that obesity, diet, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are associated with cardiometabolic risk. However, such studies among Malaysian children are scarce. Thus, this study explores the associations between adiposity, dietary quality, and 25(OH)D, with cardiometabolic risk factors among Malaysian children aged 4-12 years. Data of 479 children (mean age: 8.2 ± 2.3 years old, 52% females) from the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS II) Malaysia, were included in this analysis. Adiposity (percentage of body fat) was assessed with bioelectrical impedance technique. Dietary quality was assessed using 24 h dietary recall and calculated as mean adequacy ratio. Vitamin D was assessed based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Measurements of cardiometabolic risk factors included waist circumference (WC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiometabolic risk cluster score (siMS) was calculated. Overall, higher adiposity was positively associated with all cardiometabolic risk factors (WC, ß = 0.907; 95% CI = 0.865, 0.948; MAP, ß = 0.225; 95% CI = 0.158, 0.292; HDL, ß = -0.011; 95% CI = -0.014, -0.009; Triglyceride, ß = 0.012; 95% CI = 0.009, 0.016; FBG, ß = 0.006; 95% CI = 0.002, 0.011) and siMS score (ß = 0.033; 95% CI = 0.029, 0.037). Serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with siMS score (ß = -0.002; 95% CI = -0.004, -0.000008) and positively associated with HDL (ß = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.0001, 0.003). Our findings suggest that adiposity is a key determinant of adverse cardiometabolic risk factors in children, while serum 25(OH)D may be associated with overall cardiometabolic health. Interventions to reduce obesity are needed to mitigate the deleterious consequences of cardiometabolic dysregulation in children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".