Complete characterization of the fatty acid profile of mare milk from commercial semi-extensive farms during lactation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study aimed to thoroughly describe the profile of fatty acids in mare milk from farms with different management systems and changes during lactation. Eighteen mares belonging to three commercial farms (6 mares per farm) were milked during the complete lactation period (six months). Fat content was determined by infrared spectroscopy, while fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed using a GC-FID. Mare milk, in general, contained 47.5 % saturated, 25.3 % monounsaturated, and 26.5 % polyunsaturated fatty acids. A high proportion of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 but a low concentration of their long-chain metabolites was observed, and seven branched-chain fatty acids were identified. Stage of lactation significantly influenced the content of most individual fatty acids, and in general, milk from mares managed under pasture-based feeding systems showed a higher content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study provides new insights into mare milk FA composition and into dynamics of mare milk nutritional quality as affected by lactation stage and grazing intensity. • A complete characterization of pasture-based mare milk fatty acids is reported. • Feeding management and lactation affected the fatty acid profile of mare milk. • Fatty acid changes during lactation can be classified into four different patterns. • Pasture-based mare milk presents a nutritionally desirable n-3 fatty acid profile. • There is potential to promote mare milk as a highly nutritional quality product.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".