Lysine Methylation and Histone Modifications during Cold Stress of Insects: Freeze-Tolerant Eurosta solidaginis and Freeze-Avoiding Epiblema scudderiana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Overwintering survival by insects, whether of the freeze-tolerant or freeze-avoiding types, is typically associated with a strong suppression of metabolic rate (e.g., entry into diapause) that involves the differential expression of many genes with regulation at the transcriptional, translational or post-translational levels. Epigenetic modifications have been suggested to play a vital role in regulating cold responses of insects. However, knowledge of the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in modulating gene expression for winter survival of the larvae of two goldenrod gall formers, the freeze-tolerant dipteran Eurosta solidaginis and the freeze-avoiding lepidopteran Epiblema scudderiana, remain unknown. The current study evaluates the role of cold-induced lysine methylation and histone modifications, with enzymes of lysine methylation (SETD8, SETD7, SUV39H1, SMYD2 and ASH2L), as well as relative levels of histone H3 acetylation (H3K9ac, H3K18ac, H3K27ac, H3K56ac) and methylation (H3K4me1, H3K9me3, H3K36me2) examined in two insects. Significant (p < 0.05) reductions were observed in most of the targets of histone methylation/acetylation for decreasing temperatures of Ep. scudderiana larvae, whereas selected histone methylation/acetylation targets were conversely elevated (p < 0.05) in E. solidaginis, particularly under conditions of 5 °C for 4 h. Histone H3 expression was found to be variable without statistical differences in larval goldenrod gall moths and gall flies. These results provide basic information on the patterns of epigenetic regulation involved in insect cold hardiness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".