P-010 PENETRATION OF CHROMIUM SPECIES IN HUMAN SKIN AND RECONSTRUCTED SKIN MODELS – A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Occupational exposure to chromium is a risk factor for the development of cancer. Skin penetration of chromium species has been less studied compared to airway exposure, although skin exposure to chromium species is abundant. Mass spectrometry imaging (time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry - ToF-SIMS) allows direct visualization of the distribution of chromium ions in skin tissue, simultaneously with endogenous compounds of the skin. Methods The EpiDerm RHE model was investigated and compared to human skin ex vivo regarding tissue penetration and distribution of two chromium species. Using diffusion cells, tissue samples were exposed to potassium dichromate (CrVI) and chromium chloride (CrIII) in buffer solution, respectively, after which tissue samples were frozen and freeze sectioned. Penetration of chromium species in sectioned tissue samples was analysed using ToF-SIMS. Results Cr(VI) penetrated readily through both human skin ex vivo and the RHE model tissue. In the RHE model, the Cr(III) species accumulated in the tissue layer corresponding to the stratum corneum whereas in human skin ex vivo, the Cr(III) species penetrated more readily and could be detected in the viable epidermis. Discussion Cr(III) species are able to penetrate into viable epidermis in human skin ex vivo. RHE models do not seem to possess the same fundamental properties as human skin tissue as skin lipids were less abundant in the RHE model compared to the human skin tissue. Conclusion Both studied chromium species can penetrate the skin barrier and could cause systemic exposure. RHE models should be used with caution in studies of skin penetration of chemicals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".