Accumulation of CD56<sup>+</sup> CD16<sup>-</sup> Natural Killer Cells in Response to Preoperative Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The activation of the antitumor immune responses of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells is important to induce breast tumor shrinkage via preoperative chemotherapy. We evaluated how antitumor immune responses contribute to the effects of such therapy. Methods: Forty-three patients with stages I - IV breast cancer who underwent surgery between August 2018 and Jun 2023 after preoperative chemotherapy were enrolled. Peripheral natural killer (pNK) cell activity was assessed by 51 Cr-release assay, and the counts and percentages of CD4 + , CD8 + , and NK cells and their subsets in peripheral blood were measured before and after chemotherapy by two-color flow cytometry. Associations of cell population changes with chemotherapy responses were analyzed. Results: On univariate analysis, relative to grade (G) ¡Ü 1 effects, G ¡Ý 2 therapeutic effects were associated significantly with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) + breast cancer (P = 0.024) and post-chemotherapy CD56 + CD16 - NK cell accumulation (8.4% vs. 5.5%, P = 0.042), and tended to be associated with increased pre-chemotherapy CD56 + CD16 - NK cell percentages (5.4% vs. 3.3%, P = 0.054) and pNK cell activity (42.0% vs. 34.5%, P = 0.057). The accumulation and increased percentage of CD56 + CD16 - NK cells in patients with G ¡Ý 2 effects were not associated with changes in pNK cell activity or the disappearance of axillary lymph-node metastases. On multivariate analysis, G ¡Ý 2 therapeutic effects tended to be associated with higher pre-chemotherapy pNK levels (odds ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval: 0.921 - 1.002; P = 0.067). Conclusions: The accumulation of the immunoregulatory CD56 + CD16 - NK cell subset in the peripheral blood before and after chemotherapy may lead to the production of cytokines that induce an antitumor immune response. Activation of the immune response mediated by CD56 + CD16 - pNK cells after chemotherapy and their high counts before chemotherapy may contribute to the improvement of therapeutic effects against breast cancer. World J Oncol. 2024;15(4):682-694 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1885
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".