Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Increases the Risk of Cognitive and Emotional Disorders Among Chinese Patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive impairment and emotional disorder in patients with cerebral small vessel disease is unknown. This retrospective study included, 504 Chinese patients with cerebral small vessel disease admitted to the Department of Neurology of the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University between June 2019 and October 2021. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (14 items) scores were utilized to divide the patients into four groups. The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high homo-cysteine, hyperuricemia, severity of white matter lesions, and a history of hypertension were independent risk factors for cognitive impairment among patients with cerebral small vessel disease. However, a high level of education is a protective factor. Furthermore, the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was significantly associated with the changes in brain functional regions. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is a promising biomarker for predicting cognitive and emotional disorders in patients with cerebral small vessel disease and is highly associated with alterations in brain functional regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".