Breathing Compensation in Magnetic Robotic Bronchoscopy via Shape Forming
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the increased interest in robotic systems designed for bronchoscopy, the influence of the bronchial tree dynamics remains relatively unexplored. To enable robotic solutions to perform successful autonomous navigations whilst minimizing contact with the internal anatomy, they must be capable of adapting to ongoing geometric changes caused by the respiratory cycle. In this letter, we introduce a method for parameterizing these cyclic changes and present a flexible magnetic robotic catheter design that adapts its shape dynamically. Three bronchial branches (up to 4th generation bronchioles) with diverse shapes were investigated to examine the feasibility and efficacy of this approach. Reference anatomical geometry was taken from an open-source dynamic computed tomography patient dataset, and was evaluated over the breathing cycle to develop patient- and branch-specific magnetic catheter profiles and associated time-varying external magnetic fields. The system was demonstrated using dynamic Helmholtz coil actuation and showed a mean error in replicating the centerline of each of the three branches over the entire navigation of 2.1 mm, 1.4 mm, and 1.9 mm respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".