Genetic assessment and monitoring of wild, captive, and reintroduced northern leopard frog populations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The northern leopard frog ( Lithobates pipiens ) has undergone dramatic declines in population size and range over recent decades in western Canada and the United States. In British Columbia, only a single population remains at the Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area. Yet, the continuing viability of this population is uncertain. In this paper, the current genetic structure of northern leopard frog populations in western Canada was assessed using microsatellite markers. Historical samples from the extinct population of Fort Steele in British Columbia were compared with the Creston Valley population to understand changes in population genetic parameters over time. Genotypic data from four populations (Creston Valley, Drain K, Prince Spring, and Cypress Hill) sampled in 2004 and 2019 were compared. To evaluate changes in the genetic diversity of the Creston Valley population over time, allelic richness and expected heterozygosity of the population were compared at three time points using genotypes from 2000, 2004, and 2019. Northern leopard frog populations in western Canada showed high genetic differentiation, with genetic diversity decreasing from east to west. Although there weren’t notable changes in genetic parameters between 2004 and 2019, there was evidence of a decline in diversity between 2000 and 2019. The extinct population of Fort Steele had private alleles, while the current Creston Valley population did not, suggesting a genetic bottleneck in the Creston Valley population. Therefore, genetic rescue, specifically for the endangered Creston Valley population, can be considered as an action to support recovery. Additionally, continued genetic monitoring will help in the effective management of the species by providing information on the success of conservation actions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".