Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract On the Panamanian Caribbean coast and the Bocas del Toro archipelago land grabbing and domestic service are mutually constituted and embedded in tourism development in Panama. As land insecurities grow, particularly for local Indigenous and Afro-Panamanian peoples, ongoing dispossession is not simply about land but is simultaneously about land, people, and their bodies. In Bocas, land enclosures are infused with imaginaries that take for granted Black female servitude and Black landlessness. Such imaginaries seemingly lock economically “poor” Afro-Panamanian women into particular kinds of work. The chapter entangles feminist political ecological assertions that struggles over nature are embodied struggles with intersectional and relational understandings of land and body. It shows how a logic of elimination operates within the legal geographies of residential tourism development, and in so doing highlights the historical and contemporary ways in which Afro-Panamanian women are naturalized as criadas (maids), a process that accompanies land enclosure. Blending ethnographic and historical data collection, the chapter illuminates how Afro-Panamanian women’s livelihood struggles reflect both their acquiescence to residential tourism development and their resilience in the face of anti-Black patriarchal coloniality in Bocas. It argues that Afro-Panamanian women’s desire for inclusion and belonging in the Bocas del Toro’s tourism enclave—a project that seeks to eliminate Indigenous and Black relations to coastal lands and foster their embodied subjection to foreign nationals—simultaneously reflects their struggles for the right to remain on the coast.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.317 | 0.076 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".