What is the association between schoolwork-related anxiety and science literacy proficiency? A comparison between Southeast Asia and Northwest Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
What is the shape of the association between schoolwork-related anxiety (SRA; sometimes referred to as “test anxiety”) and science literacy proficiency (SLP)? Prior results in some areas (e.g., Flanders) have showed an inverse linear relationship between SRA and SLP. Intriguingly, academic anxiety showed an inverse “U-shaped” association with academic performance in Taiwan. Data for six southeast Asian (SEA; Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Singapore, Taiwan) and six northwest European (NWE; Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands) nations/entities were drawn from PISA 2015, the most recent science-focused iteration of OECD’s (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) triennial PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) evaluations. Mean SRA and SLP, respectively, were 0.34 and 532 across the selected SEA representatives (aggregate n = 35711) and −0.21 and 515 across the identified NWE nations ( n = 34601). We sorted each nation’s/entity’s dataset into five SLP levels (utilizing PISA’s own criteria) and placed students into SLP levels based on an average of ten plausible values for each individual student). ANOVA results showed Taiwan, Japan, and Korea, (with some qualified evidence for SEA as a region) to have an inverse U-shaped relationship between SRA and SLP; Finland, and Iceland (along with modest evidence for NWE as a region) had a negative linear relationship between SRA and SLP. Multilevel modeling (MLM; within nations/entities only) partially confirmed our parallel ANOVA results: an inverse U-shaped relationship for Taiwan, and the negative linear relationship for Finland and Iceland. Our Belgian MLM also showed negative linearity. Thus, our results confirmed the earlier observation of an inverse U-shaped relationship between student anxiety measures and academic performance in Taiwan (extending that finding to a science context—and further extending that finding for science to Japan and Korea). We discuss possible classroom interventions aimed at mitigating non-adaptive anxieties among students at intermediate SLP levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".