Thermal Conductivity of Stabilized Loess with Different Types of Lignin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lignin, an abundant biopolymer derived from plants, is a green binder for stabilizing soil. This study investigates the thermal conductivity of lignin [e.g., sodium ignosulfonate (SL), calcium lignosulfonate (CL), and lignin fiber (LF)] and lignin-stabilized loess. The effects of the source of loess samples, lignin content, curing time, water content, and dry density on the thermal conductivity of the stabilized soils were experimentally evaluated. Furthermore, mineralogy and microstructure of the stabilized loess were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and mercury intrusion porosimetry tests to provide insights into the mechanisms of lignin-based soil stabilization. The test results showed that lignin had a lower thermal conductivity than water and soil minerals. The addition of lignin reduced the thermal conductivity of loess, with CL and SL causing a slightly greater reduction than LF. Mixing lignin with loess did not generate new crystalline material. The incorporation of CL and SL altered the microstructure of loess, resulting in a densely packed structure with distinct particle bonds and intra-aggregate pores. In contrast, LF provide microscale reinforcement for the soil particles, presenting a loose structure with dominant interaggregate pores.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".