Marking the Unmarked: Hip-Hop, the Gaze & the African Body in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
>Based on personal narrative and ‘critical ethnographic research,’ this paper is about the process of ‘becoming black,’ the interrelations between race, culture, and identity, and their impact on what, who and how we as social beings existing within a social space, identify with. It contends that, having arrived in North America, an immigrant and refugee group of continental Francophone African youths attending an urban French-language high school in southwestern Ontario, Canada, enters, so to speak, a social imaginary, a discursive space where they are already imagined, constructed, and thus treated as ‘blacks’ by hegemonic discourses and groups, respectively. This imaginary is directly implicated in who they identify with — black America — which in turn influences what and how they linguistically and culturally learn. They learn, I will show, ‘black English as a second language’ (BESL) which they access in and through hip-hop culture and rap lyrical/linguistic styles. Translation and negotiation, I will conclude, are significant identity formation processes which in this study produced a hybrid, temporal and ambiguous ‘African’ identity existent in North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".