Genetic origins of a resurging lake whitefish, <i>Coregonus clupeaformis</i>, population in the Detroit River, Laurentian Great Lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Detroit River connects Lake Huron and Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. The river once supported a substantial lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) fishery until the early 1900s, when habitat loss, pollution, and overfishing contributed to the collapse of the fishery and loss of spawning populations in the river. In the early 1970s, efforts were initiated to improve water and habitat quality, and in December 2005 a spawning male lake whitefish and viable eggs were collected; the first documented evidence of spawning since 1916. Researchers have tracked the spawning magnitude of the lake whitefish population in the Detroit River since 2005 by assessing the number of eggs deposited on egg mats. Genetic analysis of larval fish hatched from eggs collected in the field between 2005 and 2018 was used to determine the relative contributions of Lake Erie and Lake Huron to the resurging population. Over 80% of the hatched larvae had parents originating from Lake Erie in all the years sampled. The estimated number of full-sibling families sampled at Belle Isle was the same in 2010 and 2014 and varied between 2009 and 2016 at Fighting Island. The estimated number of lake whitefish parents at Fighting Island decreased in the most recent collections possibly due to loss of habitat on spawning reefs due to sedimentation. Our results provide additional evidence that restored spawning habitat in the Detroit River is again being used by lake whitefish and continued reproduction at these sites may improve the Great Lakes portfolio of ecological and genetic diversity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".