Development of a Polymersome Blood Ammonia Assay Coupled with a Portable Near-Infrared Fluorometer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Ammonia is a key biomarker in inborn and acquired liver disease. As clinical point-of-care blood ammonia assays are lacking, we developed a polymersome formulation for point-of-care blood ammonia sensing combined with a portable fluorometer. A pH-sensitive near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye was identified, which showed a strong fluorescence increase at acidic pH values. Building on reports on ammonia-selective PS- b -PEG polymersomes, these polymersomes were loaded with the NIR dye. These NIR fluorescent polymersomes sensed ammonia in a clinically relevant range in ammonia-spiked fresh whole blood with high linearity ( R 2 = 0.9948) after 5 min using a conventional tabletop plate reader. Subsequently, the assay was tested with a portable fluorometer. An ammonia-dependent fluorescence increase was detected in ammonia-spiked fresh mouse blood after 5 min using the portable fluorometer. The NIR dye-loaded PS- b -PEG polymersomes rapidly sensed ammonia with high linearity in whole blood. This assay was successfully combined with a portable fluorometer and only required 3 μL of blood. These findings motivate a further development and clinical translation of this point-of-care blood ammonia assay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".