Implications of chronic hypoxia during development in red drum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Respiratory plasticity is a beneficial response to chronic hypoxia in fish. Red drum, a teleost that commonly experiences hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico, have shown respiratory plasticity following sublethal hypoxia exposure as juveniles, but implications of hypoxia exposure during development are unknown. We exposed red drum embryos to hypoxia (40% air saturation) or normoxia (100% air saturation) for 3 days post fertilization (dpf). This time frame encompasses hatch and exogenous feeding. At 3 dpf, there was no difference in survival or changes in size. After the 3-day hypoxia exposure, all larvae were moved and reared in common normoxic conditions. Fish were reared for ∼3 months and effects of the developmental hypoxia exposure on swim performance and whole-animal aerobic metabolism were measured. We used a cross design wherein fish from normoxia (N=24) were exercised in swim tunnels in both hypoxia (40%, n=12) and normoxia (100%, n=12) conditions, and likewise for hypoxia-exposed fish (n=10 in each group). Oxygen consumption, critical swim speed (Ucrit), critical oxygen threshold (Pcrit) and mitochondrial respiration were measured. Hypoxia-exposed fish had higher aerobic scope, maximum metabolic rate, and higher liver mitochondrial efficiency relative to control fish in normoxia. Interestingly, hypoxia-exposed fish showed increased hypoxia sensitivity (higher Pcrit) and recruited burst swimming at lower swim speeds relative to control fish. These data provide evidence that early hypoxia exposure leads to a complex response in later life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".