Effects of a liquid and dry <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> fermentation product feeding program on ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and plasma metabolome of Holstein steers receiving a grain-based diet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effects of a postbiotic feeding program consisting of liquid and dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and plasma metabolome of Holstein steers receiving a grain-based diet. Eight Holstein steers (body weight, BW, 467 ± 13.9 kg) equipped with rumen cannulas were used in a crossover design study, with 21 d per period and a 7-d washout period in between periods. Steers were stratified by initial BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. The treatments were 1) Control, basal finishing diet only (CON); 2) SCFP, 1-d feeding of liquid SCFP (infused into the rumen via the cannula at 11 mL/100 kg BW) followed by daily feeding of dry SCFP (12 g/d, top-dressed). Feed and spot fecal samples were collected during days 17 to 20 for determination of digestibility and fecal excretion of N, P, Cu, and Zn. Digestibility was measured using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker. Blood samples were collected on day 21 before the morning feeding. Rumen fluid samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 21 via rumen cannula. Results were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS, 2023). Treatment did not affect dry matter intake (P = 0.15) and digestibility (P ≥ 0.62). The fecal output and absorption of Zn, Cu, P, and N were not affected (P > 0.22) by treatment. On day 1, the liquid SCFP supplementation tended to reduce (P = 0.07) ruminal VFA concentration and increased (P < 0.01) the molar proportion of valerate. Feeding SCFP tended to increase total ruminal VFA on day 5 (P = 0.08) and significantly increased total VFA on day 21 (P = 0.05). Ruminal NH3-N was reduced (P = 0.02) on day 21 by supplementing SCFP. Treatment did not affect the production of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β (P > 0.19), and IL-6 (P > 0.12) in the whole blood in response to various toll-like receptor stimulants in vitro. Feeding SCFP enriched (P ≤ 0.05) plasma metabolic pathways, including citric acid cycle, pyrimidine metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, retinol metabolism, and inositol phosphate metabolism pathways. In summary, supplementing liquid SCFP with subsequent dry SCFP enhanced ruminal total VFA production and reduced NH3-N concentration in the rumen. Furthermore, feeding SCFP enriched several important pathways in lipid, protein, and glucose metabolism, which may improve feed efficiency of energy and protein in Holstein steers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".