From emotional arousal to executive action. Role of the prefrontal cortex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emotional arousal is caused by the activity of two parallel ascending systems targeting mostly the subcortical limbic regions and the prefrontal cortex. The aversive, negative arousal system is initiated by the activity of the mesolimbic cholinergic system and the hedonic, appetitive, arousal is initiated by the activity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Both ascending projections have a diffused nature and arise from the rostral, tegmental part of the brain reticular activating system. The mesolimbic cholinergic system originates in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in the ventral tegmental area. Cholinergic and dopaminergic arousal systems have converging input to the medial prefrontal cortex. The arousal system can modulate cortical EEG with alpha rhythms, which enhance synaptic strength as shown by an increase in long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas delta frequencies are associated with decreased arousal and a decrease in synaptic strength as shown by an increase in long-term depotentiation (LTD). It is postulated that the medial prefrontal cortex is an adaptable node with decision making capability and may control the switch between positive and negative affect and is responsible for modifying or changing emotional state and its expression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".